Udyoga Parva
The Book of the Effort is more or less directly concerned with the preparations for the great war. This “effort,” in Sanskrit udyoga, may be understood both as a peace effort, and as a war effort. It also has the meaning “the yoking up” of the horses, chariots, and elephants of the army in preparation for making an attach, also simply yoga, :the yoking.”
The structure of this Parva is quite simple: it is the narrative of the negotiations between the Pandavas, who demand their half kingdom back, and Duryodhana, who refuses. These negotiations are formally carried out by means of four embassies, each preceded by a great deal of internal consultation on both sides. Before the negotiations start, each side raises armies, the Pandavas seven, the Kauravas eleven, and thus both are able to negotiate from strength (Senodyoga Parva).
Yudhishthira begins with sending a Brahmin, the house priest of his father-in-law king Drupada of Panchala, to Kauravas in order to find out what Duryodhana’s attitude is. Before Duryodhana himself speaks up, his father Dhritarashtra decides to send his confidante and charioteer Sanjaya as envoy to Yudhishthira for the double purpose of making a courtesy call – after all, his nephews the pandavas have been gone for thirteen years – and finding out what Yudhishthira’s demands really are. While remaining a model of courtesy, the Pandava insists on his kingdom (Sanjayayana Parva). Before he hears Sanjaya’s report, Dhritarashtra spends a sleepless night, during which he is much edified with a sermon by his brother Vidura (Prajagara Parva) and the seer Sanatsujata (Sanatsujata Parva).
In the consultations ensuing from Sanjaya’s report, Duryodhana is put under great family pressure, but remains adamant, refusing to allow as much as a “pinprick of land” to Yudhishthira (Yanasandhi Parva). Before his position has been officially reported, Krishna betakes himself on a peace-seeking mission on behalf of both the parties, but he fails to sway Duryodhana (Bhagavadyana Parva). As a last resort, Krishna seeks to win over Karna by revealing his real parentage; his now-revealed mother Kunti ties the same; both fail. Krishna reports to Yudhishthira, who, with many misgivings, orders “the Yoke” (Karnaupanivada Parva), and marches out (Sainyaniryana Parva). Duryodhana installs Bhishma as marshal of his eleven armies (Bhishmabhishechana Parva), and sends Uluka with a declaration of war (Uluka-Dutagamana Parva). The Udyoga Parva ends with a review of the principal warriors (Rathathirathasankhya Parva), and a lengthy account by Bhishmaof the complex prehistory of one warrior, Shikhandin, whom he shall refuse to fight (Ambopakhyana Parva), presaging the next Maha Parva, Bhishma Parva, the Book of Bhishma.
Senodyoga Parva
This is the 49th of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes the engagement of armies with the Pandavas and the Kauravas. The popular story of Indra and Nahusha (Indravijayopakhyana) is included in this Upa Parva, as it is narrated by Shalya to Yudhishthira, after the former was tricked by Duryodhana to support him in the war.
This Upa Parva has a total of 568 Shlokas organized into 21 Chapters. Click to See...
Sanjayayana Parva
This is the 50th of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes the engagement of Sanjaya as an emissary sent by Dhritarashtrato Yudhishthira.
This Upa Parva has a total of 311 Shlokas organized into 11 Chapters. Click to See...
Prajagara Parva
This is the 51st of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. This Upa Parva mainly describes the sleepless night of Dhritarashtra, in which he asks Vidura to keep him engaged in conversation - to talk to him of the moral codes. This Upa Parva is also known, popularly as Vidura Niti (Vidura's Moral Teachings).
This Upa Parva has a total of 541 Shlokas organized into 9 Chapters. Click to See...
Sanatsujata Parva
This is the 52nd of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes the teachings of Sanatsujata to Dhritarashtra.
This Upa Parva has a total of 121 Shlokas organized into 4 Chapters. Click to See...
Yanasandhi Parva
This is the 53rd of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. This Upa Parva mainly describes Sanjaya's rendering of the Pandavas' message to the Kurus, and the following discussions within the Kuru court.
This Upa Parva has a total of 726 Shlokas organized into 24 Chapters. Click to See...
Bhagavadyana Parva
This is the 54th of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes Krishna's peace mission at the Kuru court.
This Upa Parva has a total of 2060 Shlokas organized into 68 Chapters.
This is the 54th of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes Krishna's peace mission at the Kuru court.
This Upa Parva has a total of 2060 Shlokas organized into 68 Chapters. Click to See...
Karnaupanivada Parva
This is the 55th of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes Krishna's attempt to bring Karna to the Pandavas' side in the war. Also included in this Upa Parva is the encounter of Karna with Kunti.
This Upa Parva has a total of 351 Shlokas organized into 11 Chapters. Click to See...
Sainyaniryana Parva
This is the 56th of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes the marching out of the armies of the Pandavas and the Kauravas.
This Upa Parva has a total of 169 Shlokas organized into 4 Chapters. Click to See...
Bhishma-Abhshechana Parva
This is the 57th of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes the consecration of Bhishma as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army. Included in the Upa Parva are also the episodes in which Balarama sets out for a pilgrimage without taking part in the war, and Rukmi is refused to be admitted in any of the two warring camps.
This Upa Parva has a total of 122 Shlokas organized into 4 Chapters. Click to See...
Uluka-Duta-Agamana Parva
This is the 58th of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes the embassy of Uluka.
This Upa Parva has a total of 101 Shlokas organized into 4 Chapters. Click to See...
Ratha-Atiratha-Sankhya Parva
This is the 59th of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes the enumeration of Warriors and Paladins in the Kaurava and Pandava armies by Bhishma.
This Upa Parva has a total of 231 Shlokas organized into 9 Chapters. Click to See...
Ambopakhyana Parva
This is the 60th of the 100 Upa Parvas situated in the fifth (Udyoga Parva) of the 18 Maha Parvas in the Vyasa Mahabharata. As the name suggests, this Upa Parva mainly describes the story of Amba and her re-birth as Shikhandi, to take revenge on Bhishma, as it is narrated by Bhishma to Duryodhana. This is the last Upa Parva in Udyoga Parva.
This Upa Parva has a total of 755 Shlokas organized into 28 Chapters. Click to See...
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